Purpose

The purpose of this activity is to resume your exploration of the online textbook, now focusing on Properties of Carbon, Structure & Function of Carbon-Based Molecules, Chemical Energy, and the Cell Membrane.

Instructions

Read through the next four sections of the textbook:
Exploration 1: Properties of Carbon
Exploration 2: Structure and Function of Carbon-Based Molecules
Exploration 3: Chemical Energy
Exploration 4: The Cell Membrane
As you move through the text, gather evidence to help you answer the questions listed in the Guidelines below and in your Worksheet.
Note that the green questions can be checked for correctness in the online textbook. Make sure you have all of these right!
In your Evidence Notebook, record what you already know about these topics, interesting things you learn, and any questions you have about them.

Worksheet Guidelines

Exploration 1: Properties of Carbon

This section begins by discussing how living organisms are responsible for the production of nearly all naturally occurring carbon compounds.
As you read, add to your Evidence Notebook any ideas that are new to you.
In your Lesson 2.2 Worksheet for activity 2.2.5, respond to the textbook prompt:
Why do you think carbon has an entire branch of chemistry devoted to its study?
When you get to them, complete the Self Check questions to verify your understanding.
Go on to read about the Structure of Carbon-Based Molecules.
Respond to the Collaborate prompt:
Compare the shapes of the molecules shown in the textbook image. What is similar? What differs?
Then refer to the figure that explains different structures of carbon-based molecules such as Straight Chain, Branched Chain, and Ring Chain and answer the Self-Check:
According to the models of carbon-based molecules in the textbook slides, how many bonds can a carbon atom form with other atoms?
Respond also to the Analyze prompt:
How is the number of bonds carbon can make related to its ability to form molecules with many different shapes?
Go on to read more about forming single bonds and refer to the diagram below it. Then answer the Self-Check:
Which do you think is the strongest type of covalent bond—a single, double, or triple bond?
As the chapter proceeds to talk about Monomers and Polymers, continue to note anything interesting and defined terms such as polymer and hydrocarbons in your Evidence Notebook.
We'll skip the Language Arts Connection prompt.
As you read about more Making Polymers, respond to the Engineering prompt:
What might be some of the economic and environmental tradeoffs of producing clothes from human-made polymers, such as nylon, and polyester versus natural polymers, such as cotton?
The chapter then starts to talk about Isomers. As you read and refer to the diagram, answer the Self-Check:
In which of the aspects listed in the textbook do isomers differ?
Finish by responding to the Explain prompt:
Compare and contrast the different types of carbon structures in terms of their structures, chemical formulas, and functions.
Be sure to save your worksheet.

Exploration 2: Structure and Function of Carbon-Based Molecules

This section begins by discussing the four basic types of carbon-based molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Read about Carbohydrate Structure and Function and its examples in the slideshow. Add to your Evidence Notebook defined terms like carbohydrates.
Respond in your Lesson 2.2 Worksheet for activity 2.2.5 to the Self-Check indicating whether each carbohydrate listed in the textbook is a monomer or polymer.
As you read more about the essential cell processes, answer this Self-Check:
Why does it take longer for your body to break down complex carbohydrates than simple carbohydrates?
Continue your reading of the Lipid Structure and Function section. Respond to the textbook prompt:
How does secreting oil onto their fur help otters maintain homeostasis?
Interact with the slides showing examples of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, then answer the Self-Check:
How is the pattern of carbon bonding different in saturated and unsaturated fats?
Respond also to the Collaborate prompt:
Make a chart to compare and contrast these two sets of molecules: carbohydrates and lipids, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Compare and contrast the elements that make them up, the arrangement of their atoms, and the types of bonds that hold the atoms together.
As you read about Fats and Oils, remember to add to your Evidence Notebook defined terms like phospholipids.
Refer to the textbook image on Phospholipids and answer the Self-Check:
Why do phospholipids form a double layer when placed in water?
Also respond to the textbook prompt:
The hydrophobic tails of phospholipids keep water from passing directly through the cell membrane. Then think about - How might this be beneficial for the maintenance of homeostasis in a cell?
As you read further about Waxes, complete the Self-Check statement about waxy coverings on plants.
As you go on to read about Steroids, respond to the Explain prompt:
Excess cholesterol has been linked to heart disease, so the labels on some food products contain wording such as "cholesterol-free." Is it necessary to eat a completely cholesterol-free diet? Explain your answer.
Continue reading about the various properties of Protein Structure and Function. Remember to add to your Evidence Notebook defined terms like proteins and amino acids. Be sure to look through the textbook slides about a chain called a polypeptide, then complete the Self-Check statements about proteins and amino acids.
After you read about how proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids, respond to the textbook prompt:
Which would probably have the greatest effect on a protein's function—a change to the primary, secondary, or tertiary structure? Explain your answer.
Read about Nucleic Acid Structure and Function, then respond to the Collaborate prompt:
Compare and contrast RNA and DNA in terms of structure and nitrogenous bases.
We'll skip the Hands-on Activity Modeling Biochemical Compounds.
As you complete Exploration 2, respond to the Explain prompt:
Use evidence you have gathered to support or refute the claim that living things break down and rearrange carbon-based molecules. To organize your thoughts, make a graphic organizer to compare and contrast the four main types of biomolecules in these aspects: elemental makeup, overall structure, and main functions.
Be sure to save your worksheet.

Exploration 3: Chemical Energy

This section begins by discussing how cells need energy to perform essential cell processes.
In your Worksheet for activity 2.1.5, start by responding in your to the Model prompt:
Draw a simple flow chart to show how energy is transferred from the sun to the elk's cells.
Continue your reading with the Chemical Energy and ATP section. Add to your Evidence Notebook any ideas that are new to you and vocabulary, such as ATP. When you get to them, complete the Self Check questions to verify your understanding.
Respond to the following Collaborate prompt under Energy and Matter:
Write your answers to the following questions:
1. What is the energy input for cellular respiration, and what are the energy outputs?
2. According to this model, is cellular respiration an endothermic or exothermic process? Explain your answer.
As you read further, we ask you to create a Language Arts Connection and respond to the prompt:
Make an analogy to explain the role of ATP in storing energy and releasing energy for cell processes.
At then end of the Analyzing Energy Content in Food section, respond to the Explain prompt:
A common misconception is that proteins are a good source of energy. Explain which types of foods are the best energy sources and how this relates to the amount of ATP made by your cells.
Be sure to save your worksheet.

Exploration 4: -The Cell Membrane

This section begins by discussing that to maintain homeostasis, cells need to take in some substances while expelling others.
As you read The Cell Membrane section, remember to add to your Evidence Notebook any ideas that are new to you and vocabulary, such as cell membrane.
Respond in your Lesson 2.2 Worksheet for activity 2.2.5 to the Collaborate prompt:
Think about another system that controls inputs and outputs. Why is it necessary to control inputs and outputs in this system?
Continue your reading into the Cell Membrane Structure section. When you get to them, complete the Self Check questions to verify your understanding in your Worksheet.
We'll skip the Hands-on Activity Modeling the Cell Membrane.
As you continue reading, respond to these textbook prompts:
How do the structures within the cell membrane help the cell function within a larger system?
Draw a model to illustrate the concept of a semipermeable membrane. Take a screenshot of what you've drawn to add to your Worksheet.
As you read about Passive Transport, refer to the image on Passive Transport. Also go through the videos and answer the Self-Check:
What differentiates facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion through the membrane?
We'll skip the Hands-on Activity Heat and Diffusion.
Continue reading about Osmosis and respond to the Model prompt:
Red blood cells burst when placed in pure water. Draw a model explaining this phenomenon. Label semipermeable membrane, solute concentration, and movement of water on your model.
As you read about Active Transport, be sure to watch the video and observe molecules being pumped across the membrane.
Complete the Self-Check activity in the textbook, determining whether each description is a characteristic of passive or active transport. Copy the summary to your Worksheet when correct.
Read on about Endocytosis and Endocytosis. Be sure to read the tip on using prefixes.
Complete the Self-Check statement about endocytosis and exocytosis. Copy the summary to your Worksheet when correct.
As you complete Exploration 4, respond to the Explain prompt:
Cystic fibrosis is a disease that occurs when a protein that normally transports ions across the cell membrane does not function properly. A change to the tertiary structure of the protein prevents it from transporting chloride ions out of cells. This leads to a lack of water outside the cells, which causes a sticky mucus to form in the lungs. Explain how diffusion and osmosis are related to the symptoms of cystic fibrosis.
Be sure to save your worksheet. Click NEXT below to go to the next Activity.

Assignment Resources

Dimensions in Science: Unit 2 - Chemistry in Living Systems
Lesson 2 - Carbon-Based Molecules
Exploration 1: Properties of Carbon
Exploration 2: Structure and Function of Carbon-Based Molecules
Exploration 3: Chemical Energy
Exploration 4: The Cell Membrane