Final Examination
- Due Dec 16, 2015 by 1pm
- Points 100
- Available Aug 3, 2015 at 2am - Dec 16, 2015 at 1pm
History of Britain to 1688 August 18, 2015 Dr. Thomas A. Mason
HIST B 309, section 27118 / HIST H 509, section 26988
Review Sheet 2: for Final Examination, December 16, 1:00–3:00 PM
Please note the day and time (set by the University Registrar) of the exam:
half an hour earlier than our usual meeting time.
(We normally meet 1:30–2:45 PM.)
Location is our usual room, Cavanaugh Hall 217.
The final exam will take the form of an essay (75%) and matching (25%). For the essay, you will write on one out of eight available topic options, all of which will be on the exam. Instructions will ask you to support generalizations with detailed and well-defined evidence and to organize carefully your thoughts and argument. You will be expected to develop your answer with details on the what, who, where, when (dates), how, and why of your topic in an essay of several (more than three) substantial paragraphs.
Take a look at the “Key Terms” in the left column below to get an idea of what to expect on matching items; some are listed under more than one chapter when significant discussion appears in more than one chapter. All twenty-five matching items on the exam are drawn from the twenty-five “Key Terms” in the left column below; all “Key Terms” will be matching items. “Background” items in the right column below are for your information only, for use in developing your essay, but will not be potential matching items on the exam.
Please note:
- You are welcome to take examinations early (give me advance notice so I can have the examination made up early).
- No more than one late assignment (book review / essay) or makeup examination will be allowed to any student.
The final exam will cover Smith, This Realm of England, 1399–1688, chapters 3–15. A list of potential general essay topics appears below; all eight options will be on the final exam.
You may also consider the following as a list of potential topics for your research paper due on December 2. If you choose one of these for your research paper, you must write on a different topic on the mid-semester or final exam. If you would like to write on a topic not on this list for your research paper, please get my approval early in the process!
- Discuss the causes, course of events, and results of the Wars of the Roses.
- Sir Frederick Powicke famously argued, “The one definite thing which can be said about the Reformation in England is that it was an act of state. . . . The Reformation in England was a Parliamentary transaction” (The Reformation in England [1941]). Was Powicke right? Was the Protestant Reformation in England a top-down act of state, imposed from above by secular rulers bent on confiscating church property, or was it a grass-roots reform movement led by religious leaders such as John Wycliffe and William Tyndale?
- Compare and contrast the Catholic Reformation and the Protestant Reformation in Britain. How did the Catholic Church respond to the challenge of the Protestant Reformation there?
- Discuss the impact of enclosure, conversion from arable land to pasture, and conversion from subsistence to commercial farming, in Britain.
- Elizabethan foreign policy: Early during her reign, why was Queen Elizabeth I reluctant to support openly the Dutch revolt? What factors led her to go beyond covert action (privateering / commerce raiding by the Sea Dogs) against Spain, and ultimately commit to English boots on the ground in the Netherlands? Finally, how did England respond to the Spanish Armada?
- Discuss the causes, course of events and results of the English Civil Wars.
- Discuss patriarchy, the divine right of kings, and absolutism, and the countervailing political theories of resistance, whiggism, and natural rights. Include examples of authors and titles of their books that advocated each of these theories.
- Discuss the causes, course of events, and results of the Glorious Revolution.
Definitions within quotation marks are from Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed. (Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 2003). A date following a word or term is the date of the earliest recorded use of that word or term in English.
ca.: circa: Latin: about / approximately d.: died
Class 16 (October 28): Overmighty Subjects Run Amok, Part 2:
The Wars of the Roses; The World of Sir John Fortescue
Smith, Chapter 3: The Lion and the Unicorn
Key terms Background
(for use in the essays and
potential matching items)
Henry VI, 1421–1471, king of England crowned at as king of France at the age of 10
(1422–1461, 1470–1471) at Notre Dame de Paris, 1431
(Angevin / Plantagenet) Battle of Formigny, 1450
Battle of Castillon, 1453
Wars of the Roses, 1455–1485 white rose: Yorkists
red rose: Lancastrians
insolvency / sovereign debt default of
England, 1472
Henry VII, 1457–1509, king of England Battle of Bosworth Field, 1485
(1485–1509) Tudor rose combined white and red roses
(first of the Tudor dynasty)
Class 17 (November 2): Early Tudor Economy and Society
Smith, Chapter 4: Eco monic Resurgence and Social Change
Price Revolution, ca. 1500–ca. 1600 insolvencies / sovereign debt defaults of
Spain, 1557, 1575, 1576; of France, 1557
enclosure
Thomas More, 1478–1535, lord chancellor
of England (1529–1532); canonized
1935; Utopia (Louvain, Spanish
Netherlands, 1516, New Latin;
translated into Early Modern English,
London, 1551)
Class 18 (November 4): The Newcomer: Henry VII
Smith, Chapter 5: Old Bottles, New Wines: The Reign of Henry VII
Henry VII, 1457–1509, king of England
(1485–1509) (first of the Tudor dynasty)
Class 19 (November 9): The Succession Crises of Henry VIII:
Real or Perceived?
Smith, Chapter 6: This Realm of England is an Empire
Henry VIII, 1491–1547, Defender of the Faith, 1521
king of England (1509–1547) (Tudor) the six wives of Henry VIII:
- Katherine of Aragon (1485–1536);
married Henry 1513; her daughter:
Mary I; divorced 1533
- Anne Boleyn (ca. 1507–1536); married Henry 1533; her daughter: Elizabeth I; executed
- Jane Seymour (ca. 1509–1537); married Henry 1536; her son: Edward VI; died following childbirth
- Anne of Cleves (1515–1557); married Henry 1540; divorced and survived him
- Catherine Howard (ca. 1521–1542); married Henry 1540; executed
- Catherine Parr (1512–1548); married Henry 1543 and survived him
Tyndale Bible: a translation by William
Tyndale (ca. 1494–1536) from
Erasmus’s edition (Textus Receptus) of
the Greek New Testament into Early
Modern English (1525–1526); by
Tyndale and others from Hebrew and
Greek of the Old and New Testaments
into Early Modern English (1537)
Class 20 (November 11): The Reformations: Acts of State or Grassroots Movements? (Happy Veterans’ Day!)
Smith, Chapter 7: The Floodgates of the Reformation
Thomas Cromwell, ca. 1485–1540, commissioned the first translation into
principal secretary of England Early Modern English, [London], ca.
(1532–1540) 1534, of Lorenzo Valla (1407–1457), De
falso credita et ementita Constantini
donatione declamatio (written 1439–
1440, Renaissance Latin: exposure of
the Donation of Constantine; circulated
in manuscript; first printed Strasbourg,
1506)
dissolution of the monasteries and
convents, 1536–1539
Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536
Great Bible: a translation, mainly by Myles
Coverdale, commissioned by Thomas
Cromwell, mostly from the Latin Vulgate
into Early Modern English (1539)
Note: Saturday, November, 2:00 PM:
Visit to the Indianapolis Museum of Art, 4000 Michigan Road.
Optional if you intend to read and review Fortescue for the Analytical Essay due on November 23; required if you intend to analyze a work of art for that assignment or if you choose an art historical topic for your research paper due on December 2.
Meet inside the main entrance.
Class 21 (November 16): The Protestant and Catholic Reformations in Britain
Smith, Chapter 8: The Little Tudors
Edward VI, 1537–1553, king of
England (1547–1553) (Tudor)
Mary I, 1516–1558, queen of Catholic Reformation /
England (1553–1558) (Tudor) Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent, 1545–1563
Ignatius of Loyola, 1491–1556;
canonized 1622
Peace of Augsburg, 1555: “Cuius regio, eius
religio” New Latin: Whose region, his
the religion
Index librorum prohibitorum (1559–1966,
New Latin; first English translation:
Index of Prohibited Books, 1840)
Reims-Douai Bible: a translation by the
Catholic English College in France from
the Latin Vulgate into Early Modern
English (New Testament, Reims, 1582;
Old Testament, Douai, 1609–1610)
Class 22 (November 18): The Elizabethan Settlement
Smith, Chapter 9: Elizabeth of Good Memory
Elizabeth I, 1533–1603, queen of Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, 1563
England (1558–1603) (Tudor) Pope Pius V anathematized (solemnly
pronounced a ban accompanied by
excommunication) and deposed
Elizabeth I, 1570
Class 23 (November 23): “When Britain Really Ruled the Waves, . . . In Good Queen Bess’s Glorious Days” (W. S. Gilbert, Iolanthe [1882])
Smith, Chapter 10: Crisis and Recessional
Analytical Essay (review of Fortescue or analysis of a work of art) due
Class discussion of Fortescue and works of art
Spanish Armada, 1588 Philip II, 1527–1598, king of Naples, Sicily,
and Spain (1556–1598) and, as Philip I,
king of England (1554–1558) and king
of Portugal (1580–1598) (Habsburg)
Revolt of the Netherlands / William of Orange (William the Silent),
Eighty Years’ War, 1566–1648 1533–1584, stadtholder of the
Netherlands (1572–1584)
insolvencies / sovereign debt defaults of
Spain: 1557, 1575, 1576, 1607, 1627, 1647
Twelve Years’ Truce, 1609–1621
November 25: Thanksgiving Recess. No class. Happy Thanksgiving!
Class 24 (November 30: Upsetting the Consensus: James VI and I
Smith, Chapter 11: Straining the System: The Reign of James I
James I, 1566–1625, king of England Authorized Version / King James Version of
(1603–1625) and, as King James VI, the Bible: a translation from the
king of Scotland (1567–1625) (Stuart) Masoretic Hebrew text of the Old
Testament and Erasmus’s edition
(Textus Receptus) of the Greek New
Testament into Early Modern English
(1611)
Duke of Buckingham, 1592–1628
divine right of kings (ca. 1600): patriarchy (1632) (Greek: patriarchēs, from
political theory that “a monarch patria = lineage / father + archos =
receives the right to rule directly ruler: rule by the father): “social
from God and not from the people” organization marked by the supremacy
of the father in the clan or family, the
legal dependence of wives and children,
and the reckoning of descent and
inheritance in the male line; broadly:
control by men of a disproportionately
large share of power”
Sir Robert Filmer, Patriarcha; or, The
Natural Power of Kings (written
probably ca. 1630–ca. 1650; circulated
in manuscript; published London, 1680)
Jean Bodin, Les six livres de la république
(Middle French, Paris, 1576; translated
into Early Modern English: The Six
Bookes of a Common-weale, London,
1606)
King James VI of Scotland (later James I of
England) (Stuart), The True Lawe of
Free Monarchies (Edinburgh, 1598)
resistance theory:
Stephanus Junius Brutus (pseudonym for
Philippe Duplessis-Mornay?), Vindiciæ
contra tyrannos (New Latin, Edinburgh
[Basle?], 1579; Middle French
translation: De la puissance légitime du
prince sur le peuple, et du peuple sur le
prince, [place of publication not
disclosed] 1581; Dutch translation: Cort
onderwijs eens liefhebbers des
welstandts deser Nederlanden,
Amsterdam, 1586; Early Modern
English translation of Part 4: A Short
Apologie for Christian Souldiours,
London, 1588; Early Modern English
translation of the full text: A Defence of
Liberty against Tyrants, London, 1648)
Juan de Mariana, De rege et regis
institutione (New Latin: The King and
the Education of the King, Toledo, 1599)
Class 25 (December 2): Upsetting the Consensus: Charles I
Smith, Chapter 12: Charles I and the Royal Road to War
Research paper due; Presentations on Research Papers
Charles I, 1600–1649, king of England, Puritans / Calvinists
Scotland, and Ireland (1625–1649) Arminians / Anti-Calvinists
(Stuart)
Long Parliament, 1640–1653
Class 26 (December 7): Britain’s Unhappy Experience as a Republic: The Commonwealth and the Protectorate
Smith, Chapter 13: ”This Bloody and Unnatural War”
First Civil War, 1642–1646 Battle of Edge Hill, 1642
Battle of Adwalton Moor, 1643
Battle of Marston Moor, 1644
Battle of Naseby, 1645
Second Civil War, 1648
Battle of Preston, 1648
Oliver Cromwell, 1599–1658, Richard Cromwell, 1626–1712,
lord protector of England, Scotland, lord protector of England, Scotland,
and Ireland (1653–1658) and Ireland (1658–1659)
Class 27 (December 9): “I have no wish to go on my travels again”:
The Restoration of Charles II
Smith, Chapter 14: Charles II and the Fruits of Revolution
Thomas Hobbes, 1588–1679 first translator (1629) of Thucydides, The
Peloponnesian War (ca. 411–ca. 401 BCE)
from Greek into Early Modern English
Leviathan (1651)
materialism (1733): theory that ultimate
reality is matter and the motion of
matter
social contract
absolutism
Charles II, 1630–1685, king of England, political parties
Scotland, and Ireland (1649–1685) Tory (1646)
(Stuart) Whig (1702)
Exclusion Crisis, 1679–1681
Class 28 (December 14): The Revolution of 1688: Glorious for Whom?
Smith, Chapter 15: The Triumph of the Oligarchs
James II, 1633–1701, king of England,
Scotland, and Ireland (1685–1688)
(Stuart)
Glorious Revolution, 1688–1689 Declaration of Rights, 1689
Bill of Rights, 1689
Toleration Act, 1689
William III, 1650–1702, stadtholder of the Mary II, 1662–1694, queen of England,
Netherlands (1672–1702), king of Scotland, and Ireland (1689–1694)
England, Scotland, and Ireland (Stuart); married William in 1677
(1689–1702) (Orange)
John Locke, 1632–1704 empiricism (1657) (Greek: empeirikos:
doctor relying solely on experience,
observation, and experiment): “a theory
that all knowledge originates in
experience”
Two Treatises of Government (written
1679–80; published anonymously,
London, 1689; first French translation
of the Second Treatise: Du
gouvernement civil, Amsterdam, 1691)
contract theory of government
“Essay Concerning Toleration” (written
1667; circulated in manuscript; first
printed in New Latin: Epistola de
tolerantia ad clarissimum virum,
Gouda, 1689; English translation:
Letters Concerning Toleration, London,
1689, 1690, 1692; German translation:
Sendschreiben von der Toleranz, [place
of publication not specified], 1710)
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